| Level | Target | Examples per Alvarez | |-------|--------|----------------------| | | Prevent risk factors from emerging | Anti-poverty programs, urban planning for walkability, banning trans fats | | Primary | Reduce incidence | Immunizations, condom distribution, water fluoridation | | Secondary | Reduce prevalence & complications | PAP smears, blood pressure screening, contact tracing for STIs | | Tertiary | Reduce disability | Cardiac rehab, stroke physiotherapy, diabetes foot care | | Quaternary (added in later models) | Avoid overmedicalization | Deprescribing in elderly, avoiding unnecessary imaging |
