If you’ve ever tried to study 11th-century India, you’ve quickly run into a wall: most contemporary accounts are either legendary hagiographies or hostile invasion chronicles. Then you discover Abu Rayhan al-Biruni—and everything changes.

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is the standard. It’s Victorian in style (lots of “thou” and “hath”), but it’s remarkably accurate. When you find the PDF, look for the two-volume set published by Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co.